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Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions
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Article

Patterns in Office Referral Data by Grade, Race/Ethnicity, and Gender

Joy S. Kaufman*, Sarah S. Jaser, Ellen L. Vaughan, Jesse S. Reynolds, John Di Donato, Stanley N. Bernard, and Maria Hernandez-Brereton

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: joy.kaufman{at}yale.edu.


  Abstract
Research supports that office referral data is useful in informing programmatic decisions and planning interventions such as Positive Behavior Supports (PBS). Knowledge of patterns of office referrals may facilitate development of interventions that target specific groups. This study examines patterns in office referrals within an urban district by gender, race/ethnicity and grade. Findings reveal that there are differences by grade that appear to be related to developmental level, with more referrals for aggression in younger students (grades K-6), disrespectful behavior in middle school students (grades 7-8), and attendance problems in high school students. Gender differences in the rate and type of referrals were found, with significantly more referrals for boys’ delinquent/aggressive behavior, which may relate to how schools define unacceptable behavior and the data collection method. Finally, there were significantly more referrals for African American/black students than Hispanic students, suggesting that schools consider racial differences when developing behavioral expectations.

First published on March 19, 2009
Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions 2009, doi:10.1177/1098300708329710
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